考研语法讲义
——长难句分析策略
主讲讲师：连俊霞
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总论：
一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：
1.  阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。
2.  完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同
位语从句。
3.  翻译：定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同
位语从句、表语从句。
二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。㈠  分号和并列连词可以连接多
个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。 ㈡  复
合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关
系。
三、长难句分析六步走
1.  (2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动
资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算).
2.  （2001 完形）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people
involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.
3.  （2005Text1）Whether  such  a  sense  of  fairness  evolved  independently  in  monkeys  and  humans,  or
whether  it  stems  from  the  common  ancestor  that  the  species  had  35  million  years  ago,  is  ,  as  yet,  an
unanswered question.
(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?
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[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
4.  (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial
publishers  are  making  money  from  government-funded  research  by  restricting  access  to  it—is  making
access to scientific results a reality.
四、基本知识补充
1.  句子成分：主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语
修饰成分——定语、状语和补语
例：When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important.
2.  由词到句的扩展： 除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。
例：Last year, the hard-working student considered the NETEM most important.（词）
In 2011, most of college students, a group of hard-working people, considered passing the NETEM most
important.（短语）
When it was 2011, what was considered to be the most important for most of college students, who were
hard-working people, was passing the NETEM.（句）
3.  简单句基本句型：
（1）主语+及物动词+宾语  I like English.
（2）主语+系动词+表语     He looks twisted.
（3）主语+不及物动词      I fainted.
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（4）主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语  He told me a story.
（5）主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语     We call this kind pseudo-girls.
启示：“  ”部分为句子的谓语部分，只有有动词才成句，通过动词与连词区分简单句、并列句、
复合句。
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第二章   名词性语法内容
一、  名词：
1．  语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。
例：The reasons are clear now.           Why he murdered his wife is clear now.
He has made clear the facts.          He has made clear what they had done yesterday.
It is the question.                  It is whether I should disgracefully survive or smartly disappear.
We found out the fact, the murder.     We found out the fact that he was killed.
Americans elected Barack Obama their president.
二、名词性结构：动名词与不定式
1．  动名词与不定式做主语
例：
5. (2006 完形) Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.
6.  (2005.49) Creating a  ―European Identity‖  that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to
make up the connecting fabric (组织) of the Old Continent（欧洲大陆）is no easy task and demands a
strategic choice.
7. To err（犯错）is human; to forgive, divine（神圣的）.
2． 动名词与不定式做宾语
例：
8. (1994 语法) I appreciate     the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
A. having been given    B. having given     C. to have been given     D. to have given
9. (2003Text1) The latest revolution isn‘t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen‘ s e-mail.
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3． 动名词与不定式检测题
10. (2004Text1) With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings（空缺）
can be time-consuming and inefficient. …  Working with a personal search agent means having another set
of eyes looking out for you.
11. (2004 完形)  All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act.
12. (2001Text5) I have discovered , as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the
editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of ―juggling your life‖, and making
the alternative move into ―downshifting‖ brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social
status.
13.  (1998Text4)  Emerging  from  the  1980  census  is  the  picture  of  a  nation  developing  more  and  more
regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
三、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注：用从句代替名词充当
句子成分，称之为名词性从句。
1．  主语从句：that 引导（陈述句）、whether、what 等疑问词引导（what—疑问句）。
14. (2006Text3) That these seas are being overfished has been known for years.
15.  (1993.74) And it is imagined by many  that  the operations of the common mind can be by no means
compared with these processes  (the scientists‘   mind processes), and that they have to be acquired by a sort
of special training.
16. (2000.72) It is obvious that the strength of a country‘ s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency
of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and  technologists  of
all kinds.
17. (2008.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging
and improving experience.
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18.  (1994.75)  Whether  the Government  should  increase  the  financing  of  pure  science  at  the  expense  of
technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
2． 宾语从句：that 引导（可省—陈述句）、whether 等疑问词引导（疑问句）。
19.  (2005Text2) Do you remember all those years when scientist argued  (that)  smoking would kill us but
the doubters insisted that we didn‘t know for sure?
20. (2004.61)  The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of
thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
21. (1997Text4) ―The test of any democratic society,‖ he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, ―lies not in
how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest
possible latitude.‖
3． 表语从句：that 引导和 as/as if 引导（陈述句）、because/why、what 等疑问词引导（疑问句）。
22.  (1997Text2) A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is  how friendly,  courteous, and
helpful most Americans were to them.
23.  (2006Text3) The notion is  that people  have failed  to detect the massive changes  which  have happened
in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
4． 同位语从句：that 引导（陈述句）、疑问词引导（疑问句）。
a.  名词+同位语从句
24.  (2005Text3) A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary  theory that dreams were the disguised
shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.
25. (2011.46) Allen‘ s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots
we therefore control our thoughts—and reveals its erroneous nature.
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26.  (2009Text1)  The  conventional  view  that  education  should  be  one  of  the  very  highest  priorities  for
promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.
（3）名词性从句检测题：
27.  What he wanted to convey was that he was innocent, but the public considered that the fact that the
affair had a strong influence on the female stars was the prominent evidence for his fault.
28.  (2012Text1)  But in her new book,  Join the  Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also
be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power
of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
29.  (2012Text2)  Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the
2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.
30.  (2010Text2)  The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order  stating that the case  (Bilski)  would be heard
by all 12 of the court‘ s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is
whether it should ―reconsider‖ its State Street Bank ruling.
（2010-27）Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
A.  Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
B.  It involves a very big business transaction.
C.  It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
D.  It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
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第三章    形容词性语法内容
一、语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。
例：She is beautiful.      
We find the exam interesting.
The girl stood there, full of confidence.
He is a handsome boy.              He is a boy who is handsome.
We should know the culture past and present.
二、形容词性从句：定语从句------限定性定语从句（that 可）、非限定性定语从句（that 否）。
例：
31. （2005.47）Multi-media  groups  have  been  increasingly  successful:  groups  which  bring  together
television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
32.  (1999Text2)  Some  companies  are  limiting  the  risk  by  conducting  online  transactions  only  with
established business partners who are given access to the company‘ s private intranet.
33. He studied hard at school when he was young, which contributed a lot to his success in his career .
1．    关系代词引导的定语从句：that 引导（做连词可省）、which 引导、who 引导、whom 引导、
whose 引导。
例：
34. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates  (模式) into  which they plug
(嵌入，套入) each day‘ s events.
35.  (2012Text1) But in her new book,  Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also
be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power
of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
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2．  关系副词引导的定语从句：when 引导、where 引导、why 引导、whereby 引导。
例：
36. Television is one of the means whereby these feelings are created and conveyed.
37.  (1998cloze) By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1659 to 1750,  when England
was still a completely agricultural country, a period of abundance and prosperity.
38. (2005Text3) Of all the components of a good night‘ s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control.
In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.
3．  as 引导的定语从句：
a.  引导限定性定语从句：固定搭配的必须必 such…as…, the same…as(that)…,as…as…；
例：
39.  (2001Text4) The most important forces behind the massive (巨大的) M&A (并购) wave are  the same
that underlie (引起) the globalization process.
40. The sun gives us as much energy every minute as mankind uses in a year.
b.  引导非限定性定语从句：代替 which 出现在主句之前。
例：
41.  (2006Text2)  Stratford-on-Avon,  as  we  all  know,  has  only  one  industry—William  Shakespeare—but
there are two distinctively separate and increasingly hostile branches.
42.  (2006Translation)  This  description  even  fits  the  majority  eminent  scholars.  Being  learned  in  some
branches of human knowledge is one thing; living in ―public and industrious thoughts‖, as Emersion would
say, is something else.
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作文常用句型：As is shown in the pictures, As is seen from the chart, As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon
above…。
4．  定语从句和同位语从句区分：
例：The conclusion that they have drawn is wrong.
The conclusion that they won‘t accept our conditions is wrong.
5． 定语从句检测题
43. (2012Text3) In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the  world are  waiting  to be
observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
44.  (2006 翻译)  The  definition  also  excludes  the  majority  of  factors,  despite  the  fact  that  teaching  has
traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.
45.  (1994 完形 54)  The  words  used  by  the  speaker  may  stir  up  unfavorable  reactions  in  the  listener  45   
interfere with his comprehension.   A. who       B. as       C. which       D. what
46.  (2006Text2)  Hilton  is  building  its  own  hotel  there,  which  you  may  be  sure  will  be  decorated  with
Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very
expensive.
47. (2008Text4) They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998, which almost
certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.
48. (2008Text4) Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the
bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives
to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.
（2008-40）Washington‘s decision to free slaves originated from his ______.
A.  moral consideration
B.  military experience
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C.  financial conditions
D.  political stand
49.  (2010Text1) Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past
quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness
of their arts coverage.
50.  (2010Text1) It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to
imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
三、分词：现在分词、过去分词----时态与主被动   
1．  语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。
2.    定语：
a.   We are often attracted by enchanting music.
We must adapt (适应) our thinking to the changed conditions.
b.  The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
51. (2006Text4) After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely  dedicated (用
于) to depicting happiness.
c.  分词作定语检测题：
52. (1996 年语法) There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently  4   
what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
A. giving               B. gave               C. to give               D. gives
53. (1995 年语法) How many of us  , say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the
discussion.     A. attended      B. attending      C. to attend      D. have attended
54.  (1999 年语法)  It‘ s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the
vague (不明确的) changes     place in our ever-changing world.
A. taking               B. to take              C. take                  D. taken
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55. (2003.63) The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought
to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
56. (2010Text1) We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England
between the turn of the 20
th
century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap
and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.
(2010-22) Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by _____.
A. free themes          B. casual styles
C. elaborate layout      D. radical viewpoints
3.  表语：
a.  His argument is very convincing.
b.  分词作表语检测题：
57. （2005T ext3） In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended (暂停、终止) and dead
people speak.
4.  补足语：主要看动作是谁发出的，宾语发出就是宾语补足语。
a.  While walking along the streets, we often hear someone singing for his/her living.
In the morning, people woke up and found the world outside their house completely changed.
b.  分词做补足语检测题：
Teachers always speak loudly in order to make themselves heard.
5.  状语：注意分词的逻辑主语，由主被动关系决定分词选择（切记） 。
a.  Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances (物质) near it.
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Seen in this light, economic crisis is not as serious as people generally suppose.
b.  分词作状语检测题：
58. (1998 语法) He wasn‘t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,    insufficiently （不够地）
popular with all members.
A. being considered       B. considering      C. to be considered        D. having considered
59. (1992 语法)       of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the south.
A. To be free            B. Freeing          C. To free               D. Freed
60. (1993 语法) All flights     because of the snowstorm（暴风雪）, we decided to take the train.
A. were canceled       B. had been canceled    C. having canceled     D. having been canceled
61.  (2012Text4)  Politicians  have  repeatedly  ―backloaded‖  public-sector  pay  deals,  keeping  the  pay
increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
62.  (1999Text1) Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to
anticipate（预测）every possible accident.
63. (2004. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that
the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
64.  (2007Text4)  Left,  until  now,  to  odd,  low-level  IT  staff  to  put  right,  and  seen  as  a  concern  only  of
data-rich  industries  such  as  banking,  telecoms  and  air  travel,  information  protection  is  now  high  on  the
boss‘s agenda in businesses of every variety.
6.  分词的复合结构：分词前加逻辑主语。
Time permitting, we are going to Beijing Botanical Garden.
65.  (2001 年语法) Good news was sometimes released prematurely （提前地）, with the British recapture
（重新收回，夺回）  of the port  half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
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A. to announce          B. announced          C. announcing        D. was announced
c.   分词的复合结构检测题：
66. (1999Text3) But, for a small group  of students, professional training might be the way to go since well
developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job or not.
67.  (1997 年语法)  Just  as  the  value  of  a  telephone  network  increases  with  each  new  phone    to  the
system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
A. adding               B. to have added           C. to add               D. added
68. (1993 年语法) As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of    furnace fuel （锅炉燃
料）  is allowed saved for the dawn.
A. what                 B. that                   C. which               D. such
启示：分词已经不是动词，所以不能在句中做谓语。区分过去分词和动词过去式。
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第四章  副词性语法内容
一、语法功能：状语。  注：状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。
例：She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass.
He is old enough to get married.
He passed the first-round of the examination. However, he was not admitted by Renmin University because
his performance on oral English was really bad.  (表示上下文关系)
二、副词性从句：状语从句------时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语
从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。
69. （2005.9） Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9    others
are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.
A. when             B. since             C. for             D. whereas
70.（1997.48）The  phenomenon  provides  a  way  for  companies  to  remain  globally  competitive  48  
avoiding  market  circles  and  the  growing  burdens  imposed  by  employment  rules,  healthcare  costs  and
pension (退休金) plans.
A. but              B. while             C. and             D. whereas
注：                                                                         。
71. (2010-18) When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the previous Saturday
and continued to rise for the next couple of days. _____, a comparison with data for weeks when there was
no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays.
A.  Therefore            B. Furthermore  C. However              D. Meanwhile
72. (2007-9) Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,
large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.
On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the church, __9__, there was less agreement
among the leadership.
A.  therefore               B. however         C. indeed                   D. moreover
73.  (2006-1) The homeless make up  a growing percentage of America‘s population.  __1__,  homeless has
reached such proportions that local government can‘t possibly cope.
A.  Indeed                B. Likewise      C. Therefore            D. Furthermore
74. (2005-16) The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it inefficient to keep all
smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary. This may  __16__  explain
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why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.
A.  still                B. also           C. otherwise         D. nevertheless
75.  (2006-7)  Estimates range anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.  __7__  the figure may vary, analysts do
agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing.
A.  Now that              B. Although               C. Provided               D. Except that
1．   时间状语从句： 正点------as, till, (not) until, as soon as…, every(each) time, the instant, the minute,
the moment, the second, no sooner…than, hardly...when;  之前------before;  之后------after, since, once;
  例：The baby starts crying the minute he sees his father.
No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy（困倦的）.
76.  （2002 年翻译） It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional pre-scientific views,
and these are strongly entrenched（确定的）.
＊＊＊―not…until‖的四种不同句式：
a.  正常句式                                                                  
b.  Until 在句首                                                               
c.  倒装句式                                                                  
d.  强调句式                                                                  
注：分享同一翻译：直到……才。
77.  （1994Text2） While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for
sellers too.
  时间状语从句检测题：
78.  （1991 年语法）       to speak when the audience interrupted him.
A. Hardly had he began                          B. No sooner had he began   
C. Not until he began                            D. Scarcely did he began
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79.  （1998 年语法） Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially
true  it comes to classroom tests.
A. before                B. as               C. since                D. when
80.  （2002.22）As was discussed before, it was not     the 19
th
century that the newspaper became the
dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet (小册子) and the book and in the
company of the periodical (期刊).
A. after                 B. by               C. during               D. until
81.  (2001-6) In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor,
will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control
the amount of publicity that can be given to a case __6__ a trial begins.
A. since                B. if               C. before              D. as
2．  地点状语从句：everywhere/anywhere/wherever；
例：
82.  （1998Text2）Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival.
3．  条件状语从句：suppose/supposing, assuming, provided/providing, as (so) long as;
  if only：只要；only if：只有    注：区别。
83.  （1996 年语法） The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me          3   
she could remember who last borrowed it.
A. ever since             B. much as              C. even though          D. if only
84.  （2004 年完形 42）He can continue to support himself an his family  he produces a surplus.
A. only if                B. much as              C. long before          D. ever since
  suppose/supposing, assuming, provided/providing      注：相当于 if.
例：Suppose/Supposing that it rains, can we play football indoors?
Farmers will have a good harvest, assuming the weather is favorable.
Provided/Providing we get good weather it will be a successful holiday.
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  as long as…
85.  （2002T ext4）As long as  a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has
done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten (加速) death.
  条件状语从句检测题
86.  （1993 语法）You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting  you don‘t mind taking the night
train.
A. provided               B. unless                C. though                 D. until
87.  (2010-7)  It  did  not  __6__  what  was  done  in  the  experiment;  __7__  something  was  changed,
productivity rose.
A. as far as               B. for fear that          C. in case that            D. so long as  
4．  原因状语从句：as, since, in that; considering; now that, as(so) long as; on the grounds that;
  例：
88.  （2003.37）      they are adjusting to  their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and
emotional  challenges,  teenagers  are  especially  self-conscious  and  need  the  confidence  that  comes  from
achieving success and knowing that their accomplishment are admired by others.
A. If                     B. Although             C. whereas              D. Because
89.  （1995 语法）Hydrogen（氢元素）  is the fundamental element of the universe  it provides the
building blocks from which the other elements are produced.
A. so that               B. but that               C. in that              D. provided that
  原因状语从句检测题
90.  （1996.46）Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon（碳元
素） , hydrogen, oxygen （氧元素） , and sometimes nitrogen （氮元素） . They are different  their elements
are arranged differently.
A. in that              B. so that                C. such that            D. except that
91.  （2004.22）Theories centering on the individual suggest that  children engage in criminal behavior  22   
they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (违法行为) or that they have learned criminal
behavior through interaction (一起活动) with others.
A. before             B. unless                 C. until               D. because
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5．  目的状语从句：lest, in case, for fear that
  例：
92.  （2003Text4） Former Colorado governor (州长) Richard Lamm has been quoted （引用）   as saying that
the old and infirm  ―have a duty to die and get out of the way‖  so that  younger, healthier people can realize
their potential.
93.  （2000Text5）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and
openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing （爱出风头的） , acquisitive （贪婪的）   and vulgar
（庸俗的）.
(2000-29) Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because _____.
A.  they think of it as immoral
B.  their pursuits are not fame or wealth
C.  ambition is not closely related to material benefits
D.  they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
  目的状语从句检测题
94.  （2003.35）In these activties, it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span.  A
variety of activities should be organized  35    participants can remain active as long as they wan t and
then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.
A. if only               B. now that               C. so that                D. even if
95.  （2003Text2）They（scientists）should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights
misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.
96.  (2003.49)The  author  believes  that,  in  face  of  the  challenge  from  animal  rights  advocates,  scientists
should______.
A. communicate more with the public            B. employ hi-tech means in research
C. feels no shame for their cause                D. strive to develop new cures
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6．  方式状语从句：as; as if/though; in the same way/manner;
例：  .
97.  （2000Text1）For  a  while  it  looks  as  though  the  making  of  semiconductors,  which  American  had
invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty (牺牲品)。
7．  让步状语从句：while, as, whether       注：翻译通常为“尽管……”、“不论……”。
  易懂类：                                                                  。
例：
98.  （2002.29&31）It is generally recognized,    29   , that the introduction of the computer in the early
20
th
century,  followed  by  the  invention  of  the  integrated  circuit  (集成电路)  during  the  1960s,  radically
changed the process,    31   its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.
[29]. A. indeed              B. hence           C. however            D. therefore
[31]. A. unless              B. since            C. lest                D. although
99.  （1996.50）Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for
excess vitamins. Many people,    50   , believe in being on the ―safe side‖ and thus take extra vitamins.
A. nevertheless            B. therefore         C. moreover           D. meanwhile
100.  （1997.44）  44   its economy  conditions  to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of
part-timers and temporary workers.
A. Even though            B. Now that         C. If only             D. Provided that
101.  （1998 语法）There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be
reeducated no matter  he does.
A. how                  B. where            C. what               D. when
102.  （2000Text2）But however amazed our decedents may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will
look just like us.
易懂类检测题：
103.  （1997 改错） Although professor Green‘ s lectures usually ran over (A) the fifty-minute (B) period, but
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none (C) of his students even (D) objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.
104.  （2004.40）All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,
40   a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
A. provided                 B. since              C. although              D. supposing
105.  （2005：1.5.6）The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive
smellers  compared  with  animals,  __1__  this  is  largely  because,  unlike  animals,  we  stand  upright.  This
means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air, missing the majority
of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact,  __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells,  __6__  we do not
generally realize it. Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted (稀释) to
far below one part in one million.
[1]. A. although          B. as            C. but             D. while
[5]. A. anyway           B. though        C. instead          D.  therefore
[6]. A. even if            B. if only        C. only if          D. as if
106.  （2000Text4）While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education
tends to stress test taking and mechanical (机械的) learning over creativity and self-expression.
(2000Text4) Which of the following is true according to the author?
A.  Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
B.  Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
C.  More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
D.  Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
107.  (2005Text4) Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized
poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to
most English-speakers.
108. (2005.39)The description of Russians‘ love of memorizing poetry shows the author‘s ________.
A. interest in their language
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B. appreciation of their efforts
C. admiration for their memory
D. contempt for their old-fashionedness
109.  (2008Text4)  While  Washington  and  Jefferson  privately  expressed  distaste  for  slavery,  they  also
understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
(2008.38) What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
A. His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
B. His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
C. His attitude towards slavery was complex.
D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
  难点类：                                                                    。
例：Young as he is, Jim is knowledgeable.
Child as he is, Jim is knowledgeable.
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen such a beautiful place.
难点类检测题：
110. Try as he will, no man breaks wholly loose from his first love, no matter who she be…We‘ve only one
virginity（纯真）to lose, and where we lost it there our hearts will be!
111.  （1992 语法）     , he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A. Although much he likes her                  B. Much although he likes her
C. As he likes her much                       D. Much as he likes her
112.  （1998.75）Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation（宇宙大爆炸）  is a scientifically plausible（可
行的）consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics.
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8．  比较状语从句：as…as, more…than, no more than, less than, not less than.
  基本类：                                                                 。
例：
113.  (1994 语法)  Scientists generally agree that the Earth‘ s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100
years  it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.
A. as long as           B. as much as              C. as soon as           D. as well as
114. (1999.71) There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians.
115.  (2005.46) Never before  has television served  so much  to connect different peoples and nations  as  in
the recent events in Europe.
116.  (2006Text1) Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics  ―have higher rates of intermarriage  than do US-born
whites and blacks.‖
基本类检测题：
117.  (2006.47) His function is analogous（类似的）to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of
revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
118.  (2000Text4) In addition, far more Japanese  workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did
their counterparts（同辈）in the 10 other countries surveyed.
119.  (2009Text3) Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved
about  95  percent  of  the  productivity  of  their  Japanese  counterparts—a  result  of  the  training  that  U.S.
workers received on the job.
(2009.33)A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that ____.
A. The Japanese workforce is better disciplined
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B. The Japanese workforce is more productive
C. The U.S. workforce has a better education
D. The U.S. workforce is more organized
120.  (2007Text1)  This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically
determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the  act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an
intuitive one.
(2007.23)  According to Ericsson, good memory
A. depends on meaningful processing of information.
B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
121.  (2007Text3) From the middle-class family perspective,  much of this, understandably, looks far less
like  an  opportunity  to  exercise  more  financial  responsibility,  and  a  good  deal  more  like  a  frightening
acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.
  倍数类：                                                                 。
例：
122. (2000Text1) After the  end of the Second World War, the US had a market  eight times larger than  any
competitor, giving its industries unparalleled（无与伦比的）economies of scale.
123. (2003Text3) Railroads typically charge the shippers  20 to 30 percent more than  they do when another
railroad is competing for the business.
124.  (1998Text4) As  a  result,  California‘ s  growth  rate dropped  during  the  1970s,  to  18.5  percent—little
more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
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倍数类检测题：
125.  (1999 语法)  Smoking  is  so  harmful  to  personal  health  that  it  kills     people  each  year  than
automobile accidents.
A. seven more times       B. seven times more       C. over seven times      D. seven times
  特殊类：                                                                 。
例：
126. (2005 七选五) Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood
of a better life.
127.  (2006.49) But his primary task is  not  to think about the moral code, which governs his activity,  any
more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct (管理) in
business.
128.  (1994 语法) The heart is  intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.      
A. not so             B. not much           C. much more        D. no more
129.  (2000 语法)  It  wasn‘t  so  much  that  I  disliked  her  that  I  just  wasn‘t  interested  in  the  whole
business.    A. rather             B. so                 C. than              D. as
特殊类检测题：
130. (2001Text5) For the women of my generation through the ‘80s, downshifting in the mid-‘90s is not so
much a search for the mythical good life as a personal recognition of your limitations.
131.  (1994.74) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius
as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
132.  (1993 语法) There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,    they can limit
how much water you drink.
A. much more than          B. no more than          C. no less than        D. any more than
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第五章  其它语法现象
一、省略：省略重复部分；省略主 be 结构；不定式表示省略。
1．  例：I think you'll master grammar; indeed all your teachers think so.
If    (it is) necessary, we are going to do it again.
Though (they are) still distant, the prospects for passing the exam becomes bright.
Sometimes, I really cannot work out what to do and how.
2．  省略检测题：
133.  (2003Text4)  It  is  said  that  in  England  death  is  pressing  (紧迫的),  in  Canada  inevitable  and  in
California optional.  …  Failing hips can be  replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a
30-minute surgical procedure.
(2003-36) What is implied in the first sentence?
A.  Americans are better prepared for death than other people
B.  Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before
C.  Americans are over-confident of their medical technology
D.  Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy
二、  倒装：部分倒装，完全倒装。
1．  部分倒装：助动词，情态动词等提至主语前。
例：Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.
Seldom in all my life have I met such a brave man.
134.  (2000Text4)  Far  more  Japanese  workers  expressed  dissatisfaction  with  their  jobs  than  did  their
counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
135. (1998.75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation（宇宙大爆炸）  is a scientifically plausible（可行
的）consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics.
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2．  完全倒装：核心动词提至主语前。
例：On the bank stands a beautiful glass-made beach house.
3．  倒装检测题：
136.  (2004 翻译) Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different
from their own.
137. (2001Text3) Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the
customers.
138.  (1997Text4) At the core of the this debate  is chairman  Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late
Steve Ross in 1992.
三、  强调：do+谓语动词；强调句；否定词加 too；否定词+more；双重否定。
例：Science does provide us with the best available guide to the future.
You can not be too careful when you drive a car.
I cannot love her more.
It is you who will be successful in the NETEM.
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第六章    扩展练习
146.  （2001.74）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:  “It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the
end of the next century.”
147.  (1994Text1)  Private  businessmen,  striving  to  make  profits,  produce  these  goods  and  services  in
competition with other businessmen;  and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely
determines how these goods and services are produced.（33words）
148. (2007Text3) Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a
week  elderly  parent—and  all  the  attendant  need  for  physical  and  financial  assistance—have  jumped
eightfold in just one generation.
1.  并列结构：
149.  (2003.63)  The  emphasis  on  data  gathered  first-hand,  combined  with  a  cross-cultural  perspective
brought  to  the  analysis  of  cultures  past  and  present,  makes  this  study  a  unique  and  distinctly  important
social science.
150. (1986.77) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four
years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what
the rest of the world is all about.
2.  名词性从句：
151.  (2005Text1)  Whether  such  a  sense  of  fairness  evolved  independently  in  monkeys  and  humans,  or
whether  it  stems  from  the  common  ancestor  that  the  species  had  35  million  years  ago,  is  ,  as  yet,  an
unanswered question.
152. (1995.72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability,  and  appropriateness  of  the  information  used  and  on  the  skill  and  wisdom  with  which  it  is
interpreted.
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153.  (1998.71)  But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the
past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
154.  (2005 七选五) Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs
should be included.
155.  (2010Text3)  In  his  book  The  Tipping  Point,  Malcolm  Gladwell  argues  that  ―social  epidemics‖  are
driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are
unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected.
156. (1995.73)  Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends,
therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as
cost and availability.
157. (2001Text4) And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues
that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
3.  定语从句：
158. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial
publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making
access to scientific results a reality.
159. (2010Text2) Now the nation‘ s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on
business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 1 years ago.
160. (2005Text2) Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but
the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure?
161. (1996 翻译)Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception
of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of
different areas.
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4.  状语从句
162. (1999.71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern
practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant
events of the past.
163. (2002.65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and
with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
164. (2008Text3) Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back
continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize
limbs.
165. (2008Text3) Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's
people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently
reached their limit in the early 1960s.
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第七章  真题练习
2009 Text1
Habits are a funny thing．We reach for them mindlessly，setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing
into  the  unconscious  comfort  of  familiar  routine ． ―Not  choice ． but  habit  rules  the  unreflecting
herd．‖William Wordsworth said in the 19th century．In the ever-changing 2lst century，even the word
―habit‖ carries a negative implication.
So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation． But brain
researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits，we create parallel paths，and
even entirely new brain cells，that can jump our trains of thought onto new，innovative tracks．
Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit，we can instead direct our own
change by consciously developing new habits．In fact，the more new things we try—the more we step
outside  our  comfort  zone—the  more  inherently  creative  we  become,  both  in  the  workplace  and  in  our
personal lives．
But don‘t bother trying to kill off old  habits；once those  ruts  of procedure are worn into the brain，
they‘re there to stay．Instead．the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways
that can bypass those old roads．
―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖  says Dawna Markova，author of The
Open Mind．―But we are taught instead to‗decide‘，just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider‘．‖She
adds，however，that―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one．A good innovational thinker is always
exploring the many other possibilities．‖
All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware，she says．Researchers in the late
1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways：
analytically，procedurally，relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively．At the end of adolescence，
however，the brain shuts down half of that capacity，preserving only those modes of thought that have
seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life．
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure，meaning that few of
us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought．―This breaks the major rule in the
American belief system—that anyone can do anything， ‖explains M． J． Ryan， author of the 2006 book This
Year I Will...and Ms．  Markova‘s business partner．―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters
commonness．Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates
excellence．‖This is where developing new habits comes in．
21. In Wordsworth‘s view,―habits‖ is characterized by being _________________.
[A] casual         [B] familiar    [C] mechanical         [D] changeable
22．  Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be______________.
[A] predicted      [B] regulated          [C] traced             [D] guided   
23．  The word ―ruts‖(Line 1，Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to___________________.
[A] tracks         [B] series            [C] characteristics  [D] connections
24．  Dawna Markova would most probably agree that________________________.
[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind．
[B] innovativeness could be taught．
[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas．
[D] curiosity activates creative minds．
25．  Ryan‘s comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing ___________.
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[A] prevents new habits from being formed．
[B] no longer emphasizes commonness．
[C] maintains the inherent American thinking mode．
[D] complies with the American belief system．
2009Text4
The  most  thoroughly  studied  intellectuals  in  the  history  of  the  New  World  are  the   ministers  and
political  leaders  of  seventeenth-century  New  England．According  to  the  standard  history  of  American
philosophy  ,nowhere  else  in  colonial  America  was  ―so  much  importance  attached  to  intellectual
pursuits． ‖According to many books and   articles， New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and
preoccupations of an unfolding，dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life．
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans‘ theological
innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect．But
in keeping with our examination of   southern intellectual life，we may consider the original  Puritans as
carriers of European culture，adjusting to New World circumstances．The New England colonies were the
scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity．
The  early  settlers  of  Massachusetts  Bay  included  men  of  impressive  education  and  influence  in
England．Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade
after 1629，there were political leaders like   John Winthrop，an educated gentleman，lawyer, and official
of  the Crown before he journeyed to Boston．These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both
New   World  and  Old  World  audiences ． and  giving  New  England  an  atmosphere  of  intellectual
earnestness．
We  should  not  forget，however,  that  most  New  Englanders  were  less  well  educated．While  few
craftsmen or farmers，let alone dependents and servants, left  literary compositions to be analyzed，it is
obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized．Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious
quality．A tailor named John Dane，who emigrated in the late 1630s，left an account of his reasons for
leaving England that is filled with signs． Sexual confusion， economic frustrations， and religious hope—all
came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw
would settle his fate，and read the magical words：―Come out from among them，touch no unclean thing，
and  I  will  be  your  God  and  you  shall  be  my  people.‖One  wonders  what  Dane  thought  of  the  careful
sermons   explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches．Meanwhile，many settlers had slighter
religious  commitments  than  Dane‘s，as  one  clergyman  learned  in  confronting  folk  along  the  coast  who
mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion．―Our main end was to catch fish．‖
36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England______________________.
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life．
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged．
[C]   politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors．
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment．
37．  It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders_________________.
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[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history．
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World．
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life．
[D] were obsessed with religious innovations．
38．  The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay______________.
[A]   were famous in the New World for their writings．
[B]   gained increasing importance in religious affairs．
[C]   abandoned high positions before coming to the New World．
[D]   created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England．
39．  The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often____________.
[A]   influenced by superstitions．
[B]   troubled with religious beliefs．
[C]   puzzled by church sermons．
[D]   frustrated with family earnings．
40．  The text suggests that early settlers in New England___________________.
[A] were mostly engaged in political activities．
[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect．
[C] came from different intellectual backgrounds．
[D] left few formal records for later reference．
2008Text4
In  1784,  five  years  before  he  became  president  of  the  United  States,  George  Washington,  52,  was
nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw-  having extracted them from the
months of his slaves.
That‘s  far  different  image  from  the  cherry-tree-chopping  George  most  people  remember  from  their
history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of
the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which
almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And
only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians
reveal the moral compromises made by the nation‘s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country‘s
infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet
most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While
Washington and Jefferson privately  expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of
the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a
large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the
Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the
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―peculiar  institution,‖  including  a  clause  that  counted  a  slave  as  three  fifths  of  a  man  for  purposes  of
congressional representation.
And the statesmen‘s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his
narrow  victory  in  the  presidential  election  of  1800  by  inflating  the  votes  of  the  southern  states  in  the
Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new
land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings‘s children-  though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other
slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery
of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant
his  slaves  their  freedom  in  his  will.  Only  a  decade  earlier,  such  an  act  would  have  required  legislative
approval in Virginia.
36. George Washington‘s dental surgery is mentioned to________________.
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
37. We may infer from the second paragraph that_______________.
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson‘s life.
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.
38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
39. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40. Washington‘s decision to free slaves originated from his________________.
[A] moral considerations.
[B] military experience.
[C] financial conditions.
[D] political stand.
2007Text3
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and
fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a
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pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly
poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.
Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but
few  have  looked  at  the  side  effect:  family  risk  has  risen  as  well. Today‘s  families  have  budgeted  to  the
limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times
of  financial  setback  –  a  back-up  earner  (usually  Mom)  who  could  go  into  the  workforce  if  the  primary
earner  got  laid  off  or  fell  sick.  This  ―added-worker  effect‖  could  support  the  safety  net  offered  by
unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption
to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.
Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who
must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their
retirement  money.  For  much  of  the  past  year,  President  Bush  campaigned  to  move  Social  Security  to  a
saving-account  model,  with  retirees  trading  much  or  all  of  their  guaranteed  payments  for  payments
depending on investment returns. For younger families the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost
of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have  risen  –  and newly fashionable health-saving plans
are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new
dose of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle
class  family,  as  the  odds  of  having  a  weak  elderly  parent  –  and  all  the  attendant  need  for  physical  and
financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From  the  middle-class  family  perspective,  much  of  this,  understandably,  looks  far  less  like  an
opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration
of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has
begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
31.  Today‘s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that_____________.
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32.  As a result of President Bush‘s reform, retired people may have___________________.
[A] a higher sense of security.
[B] less secured payments.
[C] less chance to invest.
[D] a guaranteed future.
33.  According to the author, health-savings plans will_________________________.
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B] popularize among the middle class.
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.
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[D] increase the families‘ investment risk.
34.  It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_______________________________.
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35.  Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle Class in Ruins
2009 Translation
There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others and
the  deliberate  educating  of  the  young．In  the  former  case  the  education  is  incidental；it  is  natural  and
important, but it is not the express reason of the association．(46)It may be said that the measure of the
worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a
part of its original motive．Religious associations began，for example，in the desire to secure the favor of
overruling powers and to ward off evil influences；family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure
family perpetuity；systematic labor, for the most part，because of  enslavement to others，etc．(47)Only
gradually  was  the  by-product  of  the  institution  noted,  and  only  more  gradually  still  was  this  effect
considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution．Even today, in our industrial life，apart
from  certain  values  of  industriousness  and  thrift,  the  intellectual  and  emotional  reaction  of  the  forms  of
human association under which the world‘s   work is carried on receives little attention as compared with
physical output．
But in dealing with the young，the fact  of association itself as an immediate human fact，gains in
importance．(48)While  it  is  easy  to  ignore  in  our  contact  with  them  the  effect  of  our  acts  upon  their
disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults． The need of training is too evident and the pressure to
accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of  
account． (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help
considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability．If humanity has made
some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we
may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young．
(50)  We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far
considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling．In undeveloped social
groups，we find very little formal teaching and training．These groups mainly rely for instilling needed
dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group．

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