admin 发表于 2020-7-1 00:30:58

SDLC Models Explained: Agile, Waterfall, V-Shaped, Iterative, Spiral

https://existek.com/blog/sdlc-models/

关于各种软件开发模型
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One of the basic notions of the software development process is SDLC models which stands for Software Development Life Cycle models. SDLC – is a continuous process, which starts from the moment, when it’s made a decision to launch the project, and it ends at the moment of its full remove from the exploitation. There is no one single SDLC model. They are divided into main groups, each with its features and weaknesses.Evolving from the first and oldest “waterfall” SDLC model, their variety significantly expanded. The SDLC models diversity is predetermined by the wide number of product types – starting with a web application development to a complex medical software. And if you take one of the SDLC models mentioned below as the basis – in any case, it should be adjusted to the features of the product, project, and company. The most used, popular and important SDLC models are given below:
[*]Waterfall model
[*]Iterative model
[*]Spiral model
[*]V-shaped model
[*]Agile model

No matter what type of the models has been chosen, each of them has basic stages which are used by every software development company. Let’s explore those stages as this is important for the understanding of the each of SDLC models and the differences between them.BASIC STAGES OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLEStage 1. Planning and requirement analysisEach software development life cycle model starts with the analysis, in which the stakeholders of the process
discuss the requirements for the final product. The goal of this stage is the detailed definition of the system requirements. Besides, it is needed to make sure that all the process participants have clearly understood the tasks and how every requirement is going to be implemented. Often, the discussion involves the QA specialists who can interfere the process with additions even during the development stage if it is necessary.Stage 2. Designing project architectureAt the second phase of the software development life cycle, the developers are actually designing the architecture. All the different technical questions that may appear on this stage are discussed by all the stakeholders, including the customer. Also, here are defined the technologies used in the project, team load, limitations, time frames, and budget. The most appropriate project decisions are made according to the defined requirements.Stage 3. Development and programmingAfter the requirements approved, the process goes to the next stage – actual development. Programmers start here with the source code writing while keeping in mind previously defined requirements. The system administrators adjust the software environment, front-end programmers develop the user interface of the program and the logics for its interaction with the server.
The programming by itself assumes four stages
[*]Algorithm development
[*]Source code writing
[*]Compilation
[*]Testing and debugging
Stage 4. TestingThe testing phase includes the debugging process. All the code flaws missed during the development are detected here, documented, and passed back to the developers to fix. The testing process repeats until all the critical issues are removed and software workflow is stable.Stage 5. DeploymentWhen the program is finalized and has no critical issues – it is time to launch it for the end users. After the new program version release, the tech support team joins. This department provides user feedback; consult and support users during the time of exploitation. Moreover, the update of selected components is included in this phase, to make sure, that the software is up-to-date and is invulnerable to a security breach.SDLC MODELSWaterfall SDLC ModelWaterfall – is a cascade SDLC model, in which development process looks like the flow, moving step by step through the phases of analysis, projecting, realization, testing, implementation, and support. This SDLC model includes gradual execution of every stage completely. This process is strictly documented and predefined with features expected to every phase of this software development life cycle model.https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/client/q_lossless,ret_img,w_1920/https://existek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Itterative-SFDC-Model.png

ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
Simple to use and understandThe software is ready only after the last stage is over
Management simplicity thanks to its rigidity: every phase has a defined result and process reviewHigh risks and uncertainty
Development stages go one by oneNot the best choice for complex and object-oriented projects
Perfect for the small or mid-sized projects where requirements are clear and not equivocalInappropriate for the long-term projects
Easy to determine the key points in the development cycleThe progress of the stage is hard to measure while it is still in the development
Easy to classify and prioritize tasksIntegration is done at the very end, which does not give the option of identifying the problem in advance

Use cases for the Waterfall SDLC model:
[*]The requirements are precisely documented
[*]Product definition is stable
[*]The technologies stack is predefined which makes it not dynamic
[*]No ambiguous requirements
[*]The project is short
Iterative SDLC ModelThe Iterative SDLC model does not need the full list of requirements before the project starts. The development process may start with the requirements to the functional part, which can be expanded later. The process is repetitive, allowing to make new versions of the product for every cycle. Every iteration (which last from two to six weeks) includes the development of a separate component of the system, and after that, this component is added to the functional developed earlier. Speaking with math terminology, the iterative model is a realization of the sequential approximation method; that means a gradual closeness to the planned final product shape.https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/client/q_lossless,ret_img,w_1920/https://existek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B41-1.png

ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
Some functions can be quickly developed at the beginning of the development lifecycleIterative model requires more resources than the waterfall model
The paralleled development can be appliedConstant management is required
The progress is easy measurableIssues with architecture or design may occur because not all the requirements are foreseen during the short planning stage
The shorter iteration is - the easier testing and debugging stages areBad choice for the small projects
It is easier to control the risks as high-risk tasks are completed firstThe process is difficult to manage
Problems and risks defined within one iteration can be prevented in the next sprintsThe risks may not be completely determined even at the final stage of the project
Flexibility and readiness to the changes in the requirementsRisks analysis requires involvement of the highly-qualified specialists

Use cases for the Iteration model:
[*]The requirements to the final product are strictly predefined
[*]Applied to the large-scale projects
[*]The main task is predefined, but the details may advance with the time
Spiral SDLC ModelSpiral model – is SDLC model, which combines architecture and prototyping by stages. It is a combination of the Iterative and Waterfall SDLC models with the significant accent on the risk analysis. The main issue of the spiral model – is defining the right moment to make a step into the next stage. The preliminary set time frames are recommended as the solution to this issue. The shift to the next stage is done according to the plan, even if the work on the previous stage isn’t done yet. The plan is introduced basing on the statistic data, received during the previous projects even from the personal developer’s experience.https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/client/q_lossless,ret_img,w_1920/https://existek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Spiral-SDLC-Model-Scheme-1.png

ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
Lifecycle is divided into small parts, and if the risk concentration is higher, the phase can be finished earlier to address the treatsCan be quite expensive
The development process is precisely documented yet scalable to the changesThe risk control demands involvement of the highly-skilled professionals
The scalability allows to make changes and add new functionality even at the relatively late stagesCan be ineffective for the small projects
The earlier working prototype is done - sooner users can point out the flawsBig number of the intermediate stages requires excessive documentation

Use cases for the Spiral model
[*]Customer isn’t sure about the requirements
[*]Major edits are expected during the development cycle
[*]The projects with mid or high-level risk, where it is important to prevent these risks
[*]The new product that should be released in a few stages to have enough of clients feedback
V-shaped SDLC ModelV-shaped SDLC model is an expansion of classic waterfall model and it’s based on associated test stage for the every development stage. This is a very strict model and the next stage is started only after the previous phase. This is also called “Validation and verification” model. Every stage has the current process control, to make sure that the conversion to the next stage is possible.https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/client/q_lossless,ret_img,w_1920/https://existek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/V-Shaped-SDLC-Model-Scheme.png

ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
Every stage of V-shaped model has strict results so it’s easy to controlLack of the flexibility
Testing and verification take place in the early stagesBad choice for the small projects
Good for the small projects, where requirements are static and clearRelatively big risks

Use cases for the V-shaped model:
[*]For the projects where an accurate product testing is required
[*]For the small and mid-sized projects, where requirements are strictly predefined
[*]The engineers of the required qualification, especially testers, are within easy reach.
Agile SDLC ModelIn the agile methodology after every development iteration, the customer is able to see the result and understand if he is satisfied with it or he is not. This is one of the advantages of the agile software development life cycle model. One of its disadvantages is that with the absence of defined requirements it is difficult to estimate the resources and development cost. Extreme programming is one of the practical use of the agile model. The basis of such model consists of short weekly meetings – Sprints which are the part of the Scrum approach.https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/client/q_lossless,ret_img,w_1920/https://existek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Agile-SDLC-Model-Scheme.png

ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
Corrections of functional requirements are implemented into the development process to provide the competitivenessDifficulties with measuring the final cost because of permanent changes
Project is divided by short and transparent iterationsThe team should be highly professional and client-oriented
Risks are minimized thanks to the flexible change processNew requirements may conflict with the existing architecture
Fast release of the first product versionWith all the corrections and changes there is possibility that the project will exceed expected time

Use cases for the Agile model:
[*]The users’ needs change dynamically
[*]Less price for the changes implemented because of the many iterations
[*]Unlike the Waterfall model, it requires only initial planning to start the project
ConclusionIf you are already experienced in the SDLC models and you have your own professional opinion on this – leave your comments in the section below. If you have questions on about picking up a correct model for your business – Contact Us, so we could assist you in this question or visit our page dedicated to Custom Software Development Servicesto learn more.During the years of the SDLC evolution, different models were developed from the basic cascade model to meet a huge variety of development requirements and expectations. There is no only one suitable model for all the projects, starting conditions and payment model. Even at the first sight, multi-purpose Agile cannot be used widely because of some customers’ unpreparedness to scale the budget. The SDLC models often cross in the solutions and particularly look similar.
Download “2017 Global Custom Software Development Rates” to get a comprehensive analysis of the pricing in three most popular onshore and offshore outsourcing locations. Hourly rates cards for these territories are included.

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