考研语法讲义 ——长难句分析策略 主讲讲师:连俊霞 考研英语语法讲义 2 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 总论: 一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现: 1. 阅读:定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。 2. 完形:定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同 位语从句。 3. 翻译:定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同 位语从句、表语从句。 二、英语句法规则:一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。㈠ 分号和并列连词可以连接多 个独立的句子,构成并列句;多个句子之间是平等关系;多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。 ㈡ 复 合句分为主句和从句两部分,由从属连词连接;主句的动语是核心动词;主从句之间属于上下级关 系。 三、长难句分析六步走 1. (2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动 资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算). 2. (2001 完形)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West. 3. (2005Text1)Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question. (2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph? QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 3 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 4. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. 四、基本知识补充 1. 句子成分:主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语 修饰成分——定语、状语和补语 例:When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important. 2. 由词到句的扩展: 除谓语和补语外,任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。 例:Last year, the hard-working student considered the NETEM most important.(词) In 2011, most of college students, a group of hard-working people, considered passing the NETEM most important.(短语) When it was 2011, what was considered to be the most important for most of college students, who were hard-working people, was passing the NETEM.(句) 3. 简单句基本句型: (1)主语+及物动词+宾语 I like English. (2)主语+系动词+表语 He looks twisted. (3)主语+不及物动词 I fainted. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 4 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have (4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 He told me a story. (5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 We call this kind pseudo-girls. 启示:“ ”部分为句子的谓语部分,只有有动词才成句,通过动词与连词区分简单句、并列句、 复合句。 QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 5 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 第二章 名词性语法内容 一、 名词: 1. 语法功能:充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。 例:The reasons are clear now. Why he murdered his wife is clear now. He has made clear the facts. He has made clear what they had done yesterday. It is the question. It is whether I should disgracefully survive or smartly disappear. We found out the fact, the murder. We found out the fact that he was killed. Americans elected Barack Obama their president. 二、名词性结构:动名词与不定式 1. 动名词与不定式做主语 例: 5. (2006 完形) Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 6. (2005.49) Creating a ―European Identity‖ that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric (组织) of the Old Continent(欧洲大陆)is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 7. To err(犯错)is human; to forgive, divine(神圣的). 2. 动名词与不定式做宾语 例: 8. (1994 语法) I appreciate the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given 9. (2003Text1) The latest revolution isn‘t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen‘ s e-mail. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 6 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 3. 动名词与不定式检测题 10. (2004Text1) With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings(空缺) can be time-consuming and inefficient. … Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 11. (2004 完形) All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act. 12. (2001Text5) I have discovered , as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of ―juggling your life‖, and making the alternative move into ―downshifting‖ brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. 13. (1998Text4) Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. 三、名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注:用从句代替名词充当 句子成分,称之为名词性从句。 1. 主语从句:that 引导(陈述句)、whether、what 等疑问词引导(what—疑问句)。 14. (2006Text3) That these seas are being overfished has been known for years. 15. (1993.74) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes (the scientists‘ mind processes), and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 16. (2000.72) It is obvious that the strength of a country‘ s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 17. (2008.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 7 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 18. (1994.75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 2. 宾语从句:that 引导(可省—陈述句)、whether 等疑问词引导(疑问句)。 19. (2005Text2) Do you remember all those years when scientist argued (that) smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn‘t know for sure? 20. (2004.61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 21. (1997Text4) ―The test of any democratic society,‖ he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, ―lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude.‖ 3. 表语从句:that 引导和 as/as if 引导(陈述句)、because/why、what 等疑问词引导(疑问句)。 22. (1997Text2) A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. 23. (2006Text3) The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. 4. 同位语从句:that 引导(陈述句)、疑问词引导(疑问句)。 a. 名词+同位语从句 24. (2005Text3) A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears. 25. (2011.46) Allen‘ s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveals its erroneous nature. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 8 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 26. (2009Text1) The conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. (3)名词性从句检测题: 27. What he wanted to convey was that he was innocent, but the public considered that the fact that the affair had a strong influence on the female stars was the prominent evidence for his fault. 28. (2012Text1) But in her new book, Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. 29. (2012Text2) Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. 30. (2010Text2) The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case (Bilski) would be heard by all 12 of the court‘ s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should ―reconsider‖ its State Street Bank ruling. (2010-27)Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? A. Its ruling complies with the court decisions. B. It involves a very big business transaction. C. It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit. D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 9 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 第三章 形容词性语法内容 一、语法功能:定语、表语、补语、状语。 例:She is beautiful. We find the exam interesting. The girl stood there, full of confidence. He is a handsome boy. He is a boy who is handsome. We should know the culture past and present. 二、形容词性从句:定语从句------限定性定语从句(that 可)、非限定性定语从句(that 否)。 例: 31. (2005.47)Multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 32. (1999Text2) Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company‘ s private intranet. 33. He studied hard at school when he was young, which contributed a lot to his success in his career . 1. 关系代词引导的定语从句:that 引导(做连词可省)、which 引导、who 引导、whom 引导、 whose 引导。 例: 34. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (模式) into which they plug (嵌入,套入) each day‘ s events. 35. (2012Text1) But in her new book, Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 10 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 2. 关系副词引导的定语从句:when 引导、where 引导、why 引导、whereby 引导。 例: 36. Television is one of the means whereby these feelings are created and conveyed. 37. (1998cloze) By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1659 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of abundance and prosperity. 38. (2005Text3) Of all the components of a good night‘ s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. 3. as 引导的定语从句: a. 引导限定性定语从句:固定搭配的必须必 such…as…, the same…as(that)…,as…as…; 例: 39. (2001Text4) The most important forces behind the massive (巨大的) M&A (并购) wave are the same that underlie (引起) the globalization process. 40. The sun gives us as much energy every minute as mankind uses in a year. b. 引导非限定性定语从句:代替 which 出现在主句之前。 例: 41. (2006Text2) Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctively separate and increasingly hostile branches. 42. (2006Translation) This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branches of human knowledge is one thing; living in ―public and industrious thoughts‖, as Emersion would say, is something else. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 11 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 作文常用句型:As is shown in the pictures, As is seen from the chart, As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon above…。 4. 定语从句和同位语从句区分: 例:The conclusion that they have drawn is wrong. The conclusion that they won‘t accept our conditions is wrong. 5. 定语从句检测题 43. (2012Text3) In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. 44. (2006 翻译) The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 45. (1994 完形 54) The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension. A. who B. as C. which D. what 46. (2006Text2) Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. 47. (2008Text4) They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. 48. (2008Text4) Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. (2008-40)Washington‘s decision to free slaves originated from his ______. A. moral consideration B. military experience QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 12 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have C. financial conditions D. political stand 49. (2010Text1) Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. 50. (2010Text1) It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 三、分词:现在分词、过去分词----时态与主被动 1. 语法功能:定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。 2. 定语: a. We are often attracted by enchanting music. We must adapt (适应) our thinking to the changed conditions. b. The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday. 51. (2006Text4) After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated (用 于) to depicting happiness. c. 分词作定语检测题: 52. (1996 年语法) There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently 4 what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic. A. giving B. gave C. to give D. gives 53. (1995 年语法) How many of us , say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion. A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended 54. (1999 年语法) It‘ s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague (不明确的) changes place in our ever-changing world. A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 13 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 55. (2003.63) The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 56. (2010Text1) We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20 th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (2010-22) Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by _____. A. free themes B. casual styles C. elaborate layout D. radical viewpoints 3. 表语: a. His argument is very convincing. b. 分词作表语检测题: 57. (2005T ext3) In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended (暂停、终止) and dead people speak. 4. 补足语:主要看动作是谁发出的,宾语发出就是宾语补足语。 a. While walking along the streets, we often hear someone singing for his/her living. In the morning, people woke up and found the world outside their house completely changed. b. 分词做补足语检测题: Teachers always speak loudly in order to make themselves heard. 5. 状语:注意分词的逻辑主语,由主被动关系决定分词选择(切记) 。 a. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances (物质) near it. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 14 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have Seen in this light, economic crisis is not as serious as people generally suppose. b. 分词作状语检测题: 58. (1998 语法) He wasn‘t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficiently (不够地) popular with all members. A. being considered B. considering C. to be considered D. having considered 59. (1992 语法) of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the south. A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed 60. (1993 语法) All flights because of the snowstorm(暴风雪), we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled 61. (2012Text4) Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. 62. (1999Text1) Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate(预测)every possible accident. 63. (2004. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 64. (2007Text4) Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss‘s agenda in businesses of every variety. 6. 分词的复合结构:分词前加逻辑主语。 Time permitting, we are going to Beijing Botanical Garden. 65. (2001 年语法) Good news was sometimes released prematurely (提前地), with the British recapture (重新收回,夺回) of the port half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 15 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have A. to announce B. announced C. announcing D. was announced c. 分词的复合结构检测题: 66. (1999Text3) But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job or not. 67. (1997 年语法) Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. A. adding B. to have added C. to add D. added 68. (1993 年语法) As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of furnace fuel (锅炉燃 料) is allowed saved for the dawn. A. what B. that C. which D. such 启示:分词已经不是动词,所以不能在句中做谓语。区分过去分词和动词过去式。 QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 16 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 第四章 副词性语法内容 一、语法功能:状语。 注:状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。 例:She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass. He is old enough to get married. He passed the first-round of the examination. However, he was not admitted by Renmin University because his performance on oral English was really bad. (表示上下文关系) 二、副词性从句:状语从句------时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语 从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。 69. (2005.9) Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. A. when B. since C. for D. whereas 70.(1997.48)The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market circles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension (退休金) plans. A. but B. while C. and D. whereas 注: 。 71. (2010-18) When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the previous Saturday and continued to rise for the next couple of days. _____, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. A. Therefore B. Furthermore C. However D. Meanwhile 72. (2007-9) Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the church, __9__, there was less agreement among the leadership. A. therefore B. however C. indeed D. moreover 73. (2006-1) The homeless make up a growing percentage of America‘s population. __1__, homeless has reached such proportions that local government can‘t possibly cope. A. Indeed B. Likewise C. Therefore D. Furthermore 74. (2005-16) The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 17 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. A. still B. also C. otherwise D. nevertheless 75. (2006-7) Estimates range anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing. A. Now that B. Although C. Provided D. Except that 1. 时间状语从句: 正点------as, till, (not) until, as soon as…, every(each) time, the instant, the minute, the moment, the second, no sooner…than, hardly...when; 之前------before; 之后------after, since, once;  例:The baby starts crying the minute he sees his father. No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy(困倦的). 76. (2002 年翻译) It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional pre-scientific views, and these are strongly entrenched(确定的). ***―not…until‖的四种不同句式: a. 正常句式 b. Until 在句首 c. 倒装句式 d. 强调句式 注:分享同一翻译:直到……才。 77. (1994Text2) While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too.  时间状语从句检测题: 78. (1991 年语法) to speak when the audience interrupted him. A. Hardly had he began B. No sooner had he began C. Not until he began D. Scarcely did he began QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 18 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 79. (1998 年语法) Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true it comes to classroom tests. A. before B. as C. since D. when 80. (2002.22)As was discussed before, it was not the 19 th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet (小册子) and the book and in the company of the periodical (期刊). A. after B. by C. during D. until 81. (2001-6) In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case __6__ a trial begins. A. since B. if C. before D. as 2. 地点状语从句:everywhere/anywhere/wherever; 例: 82. (1998Text2)Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. 3. 条件状语从句:suppose/supposing, assuming, provided/providing, as (so) long as;  if only:只要;only if:只有 注:区别。 83. (1996 年语法) The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me 3 she could remember who last borrowed it. A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only 84. (2004 年完形 42)He can continue to support himself an his family he produces a surplus. A. only if B. much as C. long before D. ever since  suppose/supposing, assuming, provided/providing 注:相当于 if. 例:Suppose/Supposing that it rains, can we play football indoors? Farmers will have a good harvest, assuming the weather is favorable. Provided/Providing we get good weather it will be a successful holiday. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 19 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have  as long as… 85. (2002T ext4)As long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten (加速) death.  条件状语从句检测题 86. (1993 语法)You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting you don‘t mind taking the night train. A. provided B. unless C. though D. until 87. (2010-7) It did not __6__ what was done in the experiment; __7__ something was changed, productivity rose. A. as far as B. for fear that C. in case that D. so long as 4. 原因状语从句:as, since, in that; considering; now that, as(so) long as; on the grounds that;  例: 88. (2003.37) they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishment are admired by others. A. If B. Although C. whereas D. Because 89. (1995 语法)Hydrogen(氢元素) is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that  原因状语从句检测题 90. (1996.46)Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon(碳元 素) , hydrogen, oxygen (氧元素) , and sometimes nitrogen (氮元素) . They are different their elements are arranged differently. A. in that B. so that C. such that D. except that 91. (2004.22)Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (违法行为) or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction (一起活动) with others. A. before B. unless C. until D. because QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 20 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 5. 目的状语从句:lest, in case, for fear that  例: 92. (2003Text4) Former Colorado governor (州长) Richard Lamm has been quoted (引用) as saying that the old and infirm ―have a duty to die and get out of the way‖ so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. 93. (2000Text5)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing (爱出风头的) , acquisitive (贪婪的) and vulgar (庸俗的). (2000-29) Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because _____. A. they think of it as immoral B. their pursuits are not fame or wealth C. ambition is not closely related to material benefits D. they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible  目的状语从句检测题 94. (2003.35)In these activties, it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they wan t and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down. A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if 95. (2003Text2)They(scientists)should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. 96. (2003.49)The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should______. A. communicate more with the public B. employ hi-tech means in research C. feels no shame for their cause D. strive to develop new cures QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 21 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 6. 方式状语从句:as; as if/though; in the same way/manner; 例: . 97. (2000Text1)For a while it looks as though the making of semiconductors, which American had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty (牺牲品)。 7. 让步状语从句:while, as, whether 注:翻译通常为“尽管……”、“不论……”。  易懂类: 。 例: 98. (2002.29&31)It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20 th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit (集成电路) during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. [29]. A. indeed B. hence C. however D. therefore [31]. A. unless B. since C. lest D. although 99. (1996.50)Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the ―safe side‖ and thus take extra vitamins. A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile 100. (1997.44) 44 its economy conditions to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. A. Even though B. Now that C. If only D. Provided that 101. (1998 语法)There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter he does. A. how B. where C. what D. when 102. (2000Text2)But however amazed our decedents may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 易懂类检测题: 103. (1997 改错) Although professor Green‘ s lectures usually ran over (A) the fifty-minute (B) period, but QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 22 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have none (C) of his students even (D) objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting. 104. (2004.40)All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing 105. (2005:1.5.6)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, unlike animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air, missing the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted (稀释) to far below one part in one million. [1]. A. although B. as C. but D. while [5]. A. anyway B. though C. instead D. therefore [6]. A. even if B. if only C. only if D. as if 106. (2000Text4)While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical (机械的) learning over creativity and self-expression. (2000Text4) Which of the following is true according to the author? A. Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. B. Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. C. More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. D. Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. 107. (2005Text4) Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. 108. (2005.39)The description of Russians‘ love of memorizing poetry shows the author‘s ________. A. interest in their language QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 23 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have B. appreciation of their efforts C. admiration for their memory D. contempt for their old-fashionedness 109. (2008Text4) While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. (2008.38) What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson? A. His political view changed his attitude towards slavery. B. His status as a father made him free the child slaves. C. His attitude towards slavery was complex. D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige.  难点类: 。 例:Young as he is, Jim is knowledgeable. Child as he is, Jim is knowledgeable. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen such a beautiful place. 难点类检测题: 110. Try as he will, no man breaks wholly loose from his first love, no matter who she be…We‘ve only one virginity(纯真)to lose, and where we lost it there our hearts will be! 111. (1992 语法) , he does get annoyed with her sometimes. A. Although much he likes her B. Much although he likes her C. As he likes her much D. Much as he likes her 112. (1998.75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation(宇宙大爆炸) is a scientifically plausible(可 行的)consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 24 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 8. 比较状语从句:as…as, more…than, no more than, less than, not less than.  基本类: 。 例: 113. (1994 语法) Scientists generally agree that the Earth‘ s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age. A. as long as B. as much as C. as soon as D. as well as 114. (1999.71) There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians. 115. (2005.46) Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 116. (2006Text1) Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics ―have higher rates of intermarriage than do US-born whites and blacks.‖ 基本类检测题: 117. (2006.47) His function is analogous(类似的)to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 118. (2000Text4) In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts(同辈)in the 10 other countries surveyed. 119. (2009Text3) Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. (2009.33)A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that ____. A. The Japanese workforce is better disciplined QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 25 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have B. The Japanese workforce is more productive C. The U.S. workforce has a better education D. The U.S. workforce is more organized 120. (2007Text1) This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. (2007.23) According to Ericsson, good memory A. depends on meaningful processing of information. B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises. C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors. D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 121. (2007Text3) From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.  倍数类: 。 例: 122. (2000Text1) After the end of the Second World War, the US had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled(无与伦比的)economies of scale. 123. (2003Text3) Railroads typically charge the shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. 124. (1998Text4) As a result, California‘ s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent—little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 26 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 倍数类检测题: 125. (1999 语法) Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents. A. seven more times B. seven times more C. over seven times D. seven times  特殊类: 。 例: 126. (2005 七选五) Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better life. 127. (2006.49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct (管理) in business. 128. (1994 语法) The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more 129. (2000 语法) It wasn‘t so much that I disliked her that I just wasn‘t interested in the whole business. A. rather B. so C. than D. as 特殊类检测题: 130. (2001Text5) For the women of my generation through the ‘80s, downshifting in the mid-‘90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life as a personal recognition of your limitations. 131. (1994.74) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 132. (1993 语法) There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink. A. much more than B. no more than C. no less than D. any more than QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 27 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 28 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 第五章 其它语法现象 一、省略:省略重复部分;省略主 be 结构;不定式表示省略。 1. 例:I think you'll master grammar; indeed all your teachers think so. If (it is) necessary, we are going to do it again. Though (they are) still distant, the prospects for passing the exam becomes bright. Sometimes, I really cannot work out what to do and how. 2. 省略检测题: 133. (2003Text4) It is said that in England death is pressing (紧迫的), in Canada inevitable and in California optional. … Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. (2003-36) What is implied in the first sentence? A. Americans are better prepared for death than other people B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy 二、 倒装:部分倒装,完全倒装。 1. 部分倒装:助动词,情态动词等提至主语前。 例:Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem. Seldom in all my life have I met such a brave man. 134. (2000Text4) Far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. 135. (1998.75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation(宇宙大爆炸) is a scientifically plausible(可行 的)consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 29 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 2. 完全倒装:核心动词提至主语前。 例:On the bank stands a beautiful glass-made beach house. 3. 倒装检测题: 136. (2004 翻译) Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. 137. (2001Text3) Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. 138. (1997Text4) At the core of the this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. 三、 强调:do+谓语动词;强调句;否定词加 too;否定词+more;双重否定。 例:Science does provide us with the best available guide to the future. You can not be too careful when you drive a car. I cannot love her more. It is you who will be successful in the NETEM. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 30 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 第六章 扩展练习 146. (2001.74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.” 147. (1994Text1) Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.(33words) 148. (2007Text3) Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a week elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation. 1. 并列结构: 149. (2003.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 150. (1986.77) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about. 2. 名词性从句: 151. (2005Text1) Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question. 152. (1995.72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 31 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 153. (1998.71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 154. (2005 七选五) Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. 155. (2010Text3) In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that ―social epidemics‖ are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. 156. (1995.73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 157. (2001Text4) And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case? 3. 定语从句: 158. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. 159. (2010Text2) Now the nation‘ s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 1 years ago. 160. (2005Text2) Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? 161. (1996 翻译)Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 32 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 4. 状语从句 162. (1999.71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 163. (2002.65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 164. (2008Text3) Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. 165. (2008Text3) Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 33 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have 第七章 真题练习 2009 Text1 Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine . ―Not choice . but habit rules the unreflecting herd.‖William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.In the ever-changing 2lst century,even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative implication. So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks. Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact,the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they‘re there to stay.Instead.the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. ―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova,author of The Open Mind.―But we are taught instead to‗decide‘,just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider‘.‖She adds,however,that―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖ All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware,she says.Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At the end of adolescence, however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system—that anyone can do anything, ‖explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will...and Ms. Markova‘s business partner.―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness.Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖This is where developing new habits comes in. 21. In Wordsworth‘s view,―habits‖ is characterized by being _________________. [A] casual [B] familiar [C] mechanical [D] changeable 22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be______________. [A] predicted [B] regulated [C] traced [D] guided 23. The word ―ruts‖(Line 1,Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to___________________. [A] tracks [B] series [C] characteristics [D] connections 24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that________________________. [A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind. [B] innovativeness could be taught. [C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas. [D] curiosity activates creative minds. 25. Ryan‘s comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing ___________. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 34 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have [A] prevents new habits from being formed. [B] no longer emphasizes commonness. [C] maintains the inherent American thinking mode. [D] complies with the American belief system. 2009Text4 The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to the standard history of American philosophy ,nowhere else in colonial America was ―so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits. ‖According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture,adjusting to New World circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629,there were political leaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences . and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget,however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few craftsmen or farmers,let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed,it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality.A tailor named John Dane,who emigrated in the late 1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:―Come out from among them,touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.Meanwhile,many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion.―Our main end was to catch fish.‖ 36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England______________________. [A] Puritan tradition dominated political life. [B] intellectual interests were encouraged. [C] politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors. [D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment. 37. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders_________________. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 35 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have [A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history. [B] brought with them the culture of the Old World. [C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life. [D] were obsessed with religious innovations. 38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay______________. [A] were famous in the New World for their writings. [B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs. [C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World. [D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England. 39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often____________. [A] influenced by superstitions. [B] troubled with religious beliefs. [C] puzzled by church sermons. [D] frustrated with family earnings. 40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England___________________. [A] were mostly engaged in political activities. [B] were motivated by an illusory prospect. [C] came from different intellectual backgrounds. [D] left few formal records for later reference. 2008Text4 In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw- having extracted them from the months of his slaves. That‘s far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation‘s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country‘s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it. More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 36 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have ―peculiar institution,‖ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. And the statesmen‘s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings‘s children- though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. 36. George Washington‘s dental surgery is mentioned to________________. [A] show the primitive medical practice in the past. [B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days. [C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history. [D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life. 37. We may infer from the second paragraph that_______________. [A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research. [B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations. [C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson‘s life. [D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history. 38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson? [A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery. [B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves. [C] His attitude towards slavery was complex. [D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige. 39. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery. [B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote. [C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts. [D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution. 40. Washington‘s decision to free slaves originated from his________________. [A] moral considerations. [B] military experience. [C] financial conditions. [D] political stand. 2007Text3 During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 37 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today‘s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This ―added-worker effect‖ could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-saving plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind. 31. Today‘s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that_____________. [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. [B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. [C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics. [D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. 32. As a result of President Bush‘s reform, retired people may have___________________. [A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments. [C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future. 33. According to the author, health-savings plans will_________________________. [A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class. [C] compensate for the reduced pensions. QQ296935988 beyondnk support original 考研英语语法讲义 38 / 38 Y ou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have [D] increase the families‘ investment risk. 34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_______________________________. [A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks. [B] the middle class may face greater political challenges. [C] financial problems may bring about political problems. [D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status. 35. Which of the following is the best title for this text? [A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff [C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in Ruins 2009 Translation There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began,for example,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;systematic labor, for the most part,because of enslavement to others,etc.(47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today, in our industrial life,apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world‘s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output. But in dealing with the young,the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact,gains in importance.(48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. (50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups,we find very little formal teaching and training.These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group. |
[考研|报考科大软院] 新东方考研英语语法
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· 发布于 2013-12-26 11:59
· 3650 次阅读
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